From the second half of the twentieth century tourism services industry become as one of the Key factors in social and economic progress in many countries, and tourism safety and security is known as one of the most important needs of its growth and development. The issue of this research focuses on the growth of informal tourism accommodations as one of the threats to safety and security of tourism industry in Iran. Research in terms of purpose is applied research and in terms of data processing is a mixed research type (qualitative-quantitative) within the framework of Q-Methodology. In qualitative study stage any evidence and scientific work related to the topic were collected as data source and finally extracted 25 general attitudes towards informal tourist accommodations in Iran. In the quantitative study stage was participated 40 people in the discourse space for Q-sort and then went to work cluster analysis methods and discriminant analysis. The findings of the study included 4 mental patterns for regulating of informal tourist accommodations. The clustering of participants in 4 groups is as follows: first group 6 people, second group 26 people, third group 2 people, and the fourth group 4 people. Of the 25 Q-statements in 20 cases there was a significant difference between attitudes of 4 groups or clusters. Priorities of mental patterns in 4 groups are as follows: first group “stakeholder training requirements”, second group as the majority group and the dominant discourse “Interaction and inter-organizational coordination”, third group “stakeholder training” and “integrated management approach”, fourth group "Stakeholder training" and "Police controlling actions".

Tourism is an increasingly growing activity in the world. However, it is an important threat for the environment (both cultural & natural). In recent decades, the approach of sustainable tourism and the concepts such as ecotourism, green tourism, and responsible tourism are considered as strong mechanisms to control the negative impacts of tourism. Ecotourism is a new concept in tourism context which has been created with the idea of being in harmony with the nature. Among this, one of the most important ways considered in ecotourism and green tourism, is the idea of green accommodations like green hotels or Eco camps. Green accommodations are environmentally friendly lodging facilities which are initiated in environmentally sustainable accommodations. Matin Abad Eco camp, as a type of green resort, is one of the first Eco camps in Iran. This paper aims to recognize effective indicators for Eco camps of the world and then, to assess the level of success of these indicators in Matin Abad site. The population of the study are the tourists who have visited Matin Abad Eco camp (N=180). For gathering data, a questionnaire was designed by using a theoretical basis. The effective indicators and their criteria on Eco camp success were evaluated by T-test. The findings from assessing indicators with their related criteria showed that all of the indicators have positive impact on the success of this green accommodation, but the important differences are about their criteria. In other words, details or the criteria of each indicator must be considered.

Tourism is a vital global industry that boosts economic growth, creates jobs, serving as a key tool for regional development and sustainability. It promotes sustainable practices through innovative technologies, culturally meaningful design, infrastructure investment, and digital marketing, aiming to balance environmental, cultural, and economic goals. The idea of “delights” in tourism relates to desirable destinations with strong, unique appeal that foster mental images and competitive advantages; however, maintaining this “delightfulness” requires careful planning and differentiation. Despite its potential, countries like Iran face challenges in fully utilizing their tourism assets, making sustainable development focused on eco-tourism, cultural appeal, and innovative strategies crucial for improving destination competitiveness and long-term benefits, all grounded in ecological principles that examine the relationships betweenliving organisms and their environment.The present research method is analytical and has an interpretive paradigm. The data collection method is documentary and library type and is applied in purpose. The analysis method used in the research is content and the concepts are examined using inductive reasoning. Initially, using the fuzzy Delphi method and using an elite panel of 15 people, 17 factors affecting the subject were explained and using consecutive rounds, 7 final factors were proposed. Accordingly, the weight of the effect and importance of each factor was also explained. The findings indicate that human and comfortable spaces and quality construction and detailed design have the greatest impact in explaining the pleasant components in eco-friendly architecture on the tourism axis in tourist accommodations, with an approximate weight of 8.5 and 8.4, respectively.

There is a long history of occurrences for events and natural &/ un-natural crisis in Iran. Some natural crisis are as earthquake, flood, storm, reaper, landslide and fire. Generally, in every crisis the homes and accommodations of majority of people are damaged and some people getting into financial and psychological damages. Temporary accommodation of injured people in every crisis is the main task for the authorities of each country. Temporary accommodation operation should be conducted with due observance on the rules such as time, cost and operation of the site. Nowadays, much progresses has been conducted in the world in building of the temporary accommodations and then construction velocity and quality were improved. In this research, Iran’ s country conditions were studied and optimization of time and cost of building of temporary accommodations were investigated using both of particle size optimization algorithm (PSOA) and MATLAB software. The aim of research was optimal distribution of demographic blocks in residences so that firstly, do not exceed the capacity of any settlement and secondly, the minimum distance and cost for moving the population is spent. The obtained results showed finally that for optimization of time and cost of operation which demographic block should be moved to what accommodation. Regarding to the limited capacity of every settlement, the population overflow for some demographic blocks should be moved to several settlements. Some advantages for settlements structures compared to others, are as fast installation, low cost, and convenient storage.

With the advent of the sharing economy, peer-to-peer accommodations around the world have had much success. These accommodations offer benefits such as low prices and a variety of services. One of the ways that tourist-friendly countries have exploited the potential of these accommodations and can help these accommodations to operate more successfully is to use the potential of tourist co-creation. On the other hand, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the consumption experience in the hospitality industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present a new model using related literature, including the dimensions, determinants, and consequences of the co-creation experience of tourists in peer-to-peer accommodations. For this purpose, the seven-step meta-synthesis method established by Sandelowski and Barroso was used. Sixty-three qualitative articles were identified and analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The results identified the six dimensions of control, learning, connection, personalization, authenticity, and autonomy as dimensions of the co-creation experience. Also, factors related to the host, factors related to the customer, factors related to other customers and the local community, factors related to technology, and factors related to the accommodation were identified as determinants and variables of functional value, cost value, social value, and experiential value were identified as consequences.

Extended AbstractIntroductionThis research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of type and nature. The required data were collected using both documentary and field-based methods. The statistical population of this study includes employees and owners of ecotourism accommodations in Abadan County. A convenience sampling method was employed for selecting the sample. Since a complete list of the population was not available, the Cochran formula for an infinite population was used with a 5% margin of error, resulting in a sample size of 400 participants.Data analysis was carried out in two separate but interrelated sections. In the first section, which pertains to the descriptive statistics of the research data, the main variables of the study were described using the most important descriptive statistical indicators, including central tendency, dispersion, and distribution shape. In the second section, dedicated to the inferential statistics and hypothesis testing, which forms the main focus of this chapter, a variance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was applied. This approach aids the researcher in treating the main variables in the theoretical model as latent variables, incorporating measurement errors in the estimation of model parameters. Consequently, this results in more accurate and reliable estimates.For performing the computations, SPSS and Smart-PLS software were utilized in this phase of the research. MethodologyThis research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of type and nature. The required data were collected using both documentary and field-based methods. The statistical population of this study includes employees and owners of ecotourism accommodations in Abadan County. A convenience sampling method was employed for selecting the sample. Since a complete list of the population was not available, the Cochran formula for an infinite population was used with a 5% margin of error, resulting in a sample size of 400 participants.Data analysis was carried out in two separate but interrelated sections. In the first section, which pertains to the descriptive statistics of the research data, the main variables of the study were described using the most important descriptive statistical indicators, including central tendency, dispersion, and distribution shape. In the second section, dedicated to the inferential statistics and hypothesis testing, which forms the main focus of this chapter, a variance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was applied. This approach aids the researcher in treating the main variables in the theoretical model as latent variables, incorporating measurement errors in the estimation of model parameters. Consequently, this results in more accurate and reliable estimates. For performing the computations, SPSS and Smart-PLS software were utilized in this phase of the research. Results and Discussion The findings of this study indicate that ecotourism accommodations in Abadan County, due to their rich local and natural capacities, can play a pivotal role in the sustainable development of the region. Data analysis revealed that four main factors-cultural, economic, managerial, and environmental-exert the greatest influence on the formation and sustainability of ecotourism accommodations in this area. These factors not only contribute to the success of accommodations in attracting tourists but also enhance local livelihoods and preserve the region's natural and cultural resources.The cultural richness of Abadan County, including its traditions, local customs, and indigenous architecture (such as traditional Madaifs), is a key strength for the development of ecotourism accommodations. According to the study’s data, tourists visiting the region are particularly interested in experiencing its cultural authenticity and local lifestyle. Therefore, emphasizing cultural identity in the design and management of accommodations can enhance their appeal to tourists and provide a unique experience. The analysis further highlighted that ecotourism accommodations have become a significant source of job creation and sustainable income for local communities. The development of these accommodations has not only reduced rural-to-urban migration but has also increased motivation to preserve the region's natural and cultural resources. However, the results also point to a lack of adequate financial infrastructure and support as one of the main challenges to the economic development of ecotourism accommodations. Addressing this issue requires government support and private sector investment. From a managerial perspective, the study showed that the participation of local communities in managing ecotourism accommodations is one of the most critical factors for their success. The findings suggest that accommodations managed collaboratively, utilizing local knowledge and experience, tend to achieve greater sustainability. Conversely, the lack of necessary training for local communities in tourism management and marketing has been identified as a major weakness in this domain. The analysis also underscored the importance of preserving the region's natural resources and environment as a fundamental prerequisite for sustainable ecotourism development. The results demonstrated that accommodations adhering to environmental principles in their design and operation-such as using local materials and reducing energy consumption-have had a positive impact on attracting tourists. However, increasing tourist pressure and the absence of comprehensive conservation plans pose potential threats to the region's natural resources and biodiversity. ConclusionThe research findings indicate an appropriate model fit and the significance of the relationships among the studied variables. Furthermore, the coefficient of determination for the structural model path was calculated as 0.850, highlighting the impact of the formation variable on the development and sustainability of ecotourism. Ultimately, the research model demonstrated a desirable fit in predicting and explaining the relationships between the variables.The research is applied in its purpose and descriptive-analytical in its nature and methodology. The statistical population of the study comprises owners and employees of ecotourism accommodations in Abadan County. Since a complete list of the population was unavailable, the Cochran formula for an infinite population with a 5% margin of error was applied, resulting in a sample size of 400 participants. The primary tool for data collection and measurement of research variables was a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed at a high level using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart-PLS software within the framework of structural equation modeling (SEM).The findings indicate a good fit for the model and significant relationships between the studied variables. Additionally, the coefficient of determination for the structural model path was calculated to be 0.850, demonstrating the impact of the formation variable on the development and sustainability of ecotourism. Ultimately, the research model exhibited a satisfactory fit for predicting and explaining the relationships among the variables.

Background and purpose: Social security feeling in tourist destinations is a basic requirement for tourists to decide to travel and, on the other hand, creates the conditions for the competitiveness of tourist destinations. The present research aims to investigate the impact of tourists’ perception of security on the competitiveness of tourist destinations.  Method: The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. In terms of the type of method, it is in the group of quantitative research. The statistical population of the study was 15+ tourists who traveled to Gorgan County in 2022, which was approximately one million and thirty-five thousand people according to the relevant annual statistical booklet. To determine the sample size, Cochran’s formula was used, and the sample size was estimated at 384 persons. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the reliability of which was examined and confirmed using the combined reliability method and Cronbach’s alpha, and the validity was examined and confirmed using both face validity and divergent validity. The sampling method in the study was simple random sampling, and SPSS and AMOS were used to analyze the research data. Findings: The findings of the research show that the path coefficient obtained for the variable of tourist destination security perception predicts 53% of the variance of the competitiveness of tourist destinations in Gorgan County. Conclusion: The results of the present research indicate that the competitiveness of tourist destinations is affected by the perception of tourist security, and this impact was evaluated as moderate in Gorgan County.